We are geo

Friday, May 15, 2020

Case Study On Implementing Public Road Cadastre System in Sri Lanka




Abstract

Accurate cadastral maps define legal repositories of land ownership, value and location by registering and representing land boundaries on a map. These cadastral maps can be further categorized in various aspects which is depends on the requirement or the purpose of the user. Infrastructure mapping is such instant. In this study building up a public road cadastre system is discussed.

Public road network in Sri Lanaka has widely spread throughout the country. Until the present day there is no proper spatial database system to management of the road system. Accurate road system mapping integrated with spatial database will provide endless number of advantage from planning development to cost management of a country. One of the key consideration in planning in the development based on road network is to understand the current state affairs in the road network. This requires accumulating reliable, compressive and up-to-date information on the road network condition that is readily available when required.

In my study I am considering the use of road construction data after completion of the road construction which is the as-built and design of it. These constructions have completed with international and local standards imposed by the local government bodies or international funding projects such as projects from ADB, World Bank etc. So these data obtained can be justified that they have the required accuracy mentioned above. These data with its attributes are taken to create a spatial database for a road network in a sample area. Then this method to be

Proposed to create a rapid Public road cadastre throughout the country since in


Recent past almost all the roads have been newly constructed or modified. Through this standard Road Information System which also known as RIS could be obtained where it can be used as a multi-purpose infrastructure.



Mobility and transport represent two key components of economic development and human welfare of a country. Road transport promotes rural development, the transport and selling of agricultural products, industry and trade, the expansion of jobs, and access to health, education, and services (Parami Dewi, 2013). The role of roads is equally decisive at the urban scale, as they connect city parts and are a framework for the city structure (Sun and Chen, 2000). The number of reasons for people to travel between two locations has been increasing and road traffic has become very intense, a trend that will continue  new roads are planned, existing road networks require daily maintenance, and safety, traffic congestion, and traffic related air pollution have also to be properly managed. The above requires inventories/information systems in which roads are properly identified, classified and described, and where geospatial data, administrative and technical-functional road features are collected, with the recent development of different specialist transport-related adding to the need for digital road data infrastructures to integrate and manage road-related information. Real-time sensing of traffic and of the road surface to monitor and analyses road phenomena can ensure a high standard of road performance - including durability, efficiency and safety - and forecast construction and maintenance costs.
In many countries both public and private road inventories have been implemented using databases and Geographic Information Systems which is called as Road Information System (RIS)  for registering and managing roads. This is used for the purposes at all stages of a road’s lifecycle such as modeling the transport demand, road capacity with increasing population, Traffic congestion, various road forecasting, road’s management and on road’s safety control, etc.
The Road Cadastre a name that evokes the concept of road property that is aimed at identifying the owners who are required to pay for road maintenance. Is a data system, representing the inventory of every road having public assignment, whose primary goal is to fix the size of the national roads network. The “Road Cadastre" introduces the GDF (Geographic Data Files version 3.0. 1995) European standard in the representation of the road network and the road related informations which is the most important component required in building up a road information system.
Unfortunately in Sri Lanka none of the above is considered in managing or administrating present and future condition of national road network. Such public road cadaster system is vital for a development of a country. This paper describes a process of a creating a rapid road cadaster throughout the country where road construction data could be found. As a result a road information system can be developed.
For the past ten years almost all the major road in Sri Lanka has either developed or newly constructed. All these construction are based on the road surveying. Where these surveyed data as explained below has been used for the development of road cadastre.

1.1   Study area and data 

Data which is obtained has been result of the construction survey of road which can be list out as
1.   Control network establishment.
2.   Topographic survey.
3.   Setting out Designed Center Line.
4.   Cross section and Longitudinal section Survey
5.   Setting out the design cross section and longitudinal section levels.
6.   Final As built topographic survey.
7.   Final As built cross section survey.
For this study only the final as built Topographic survey data and as built Cross Section data are used and it is referenced as construction data.
A small part of a minor road as in figure 1 has been considered in developing the road cadaster. This is based on the construction data obtained at the completion of the road by the respective construction company. Particulars of the construction data as follows,
In road construction following procedures are followed in road surveying,
ü  As built topography surveyor.

Includes the details about the centerline of the road, its tar edges and details along the road for a specific distance in either side.

ü  As built cross sections and longitudinal sections.
Includes all the height of the center line in specific interval and cross section height in specific interval. Datum is the mean sea level (MSL).

Figure 1: Study Area




Final construction data which is the as built data categorized as topographic drawing and sectional data obtained. In cad drawing both geometry and attribute data are obtained create feature classes as required in the respective spatial frame work. Sectional data were used to create a DEM. These two type of vector and raster layers could be validated through the ground truth data to develop a standalone Road Cadaster for a particular road network.

3. Analysis


When considering the construction data following aspect could be found.
As initial step of any construction is to establish control network which includes the horizontal as well as the vertical networks.

The process of establishing horizontal controls which is performed by running a different zero traverse between the previously established high order reference points. These reference points were established by differential GPS observation mode either by the Survey department or by the private sector but private sector observations and processing should be approved by the Survey Department.

The process of establishing vertical controls were performed by running a level line between the permanent BM established by the Survey Department. Both these networks are approved only when their error has fallen with in the allowable region. Horizontal control network is in SLD99 Coordinate system while the Mean Sea Level (MSL) was taken as the datum in vertical control network.
Text Box: Figure 3: Construction Drawing


General construction drawing as shown in figure1
Includes the center line of the road, tar edge, important point features such as Electric post, trees and road boundaries
                                                Figure 4: Sectional Drawing
Sectional drawing as in figure 2 includes the MSL height of the particular section both side from the center line.
To build up a road cadaster there should be adequate details to support its requirement to represent the inventory of every road having public assignment, whose primary goal is to fix the size of the national roads network
Characteristics that are required in road cadaster and the possibility of fulfilling the requirement through the construction data can be discussed in table 1, according to the Implementing Regulation Act in Italy, the European Union Road Federation (ERF) and regulation of World Bank. (S. Gristina , C. Ellul , A. Scianna, 2016)

Table 1: Comparison between construction data and road cadastre
Requirements by the Acts (Regulation Literature Review)
Required by the present lega
l Road Cadastre
Fulfillment with Construction Data
Administrative and Technical road category
Yes
Yes
Speed limits, Design speed range and speed diagrams
No
Partially
Constructive elements of road (roadway, shoulder, pavement, etc. with size, position, spatial relationship)
Yes
Yes
Geometry of the road axes and Geometrical and traffic features of road sections
Partially
Partially
Road structures (bridges, tunnels, etc.)
Partially
Yes
Barriers and lighting elements
Yes
No
Signage
No
No
All the constructive elements of roads (e.g. Asphalt lanes,Walking path, Parking area)
Partially
Yes
Equipment (e.g. Signs, Street lighting, Barriers)
Partially
Partially
Structures (e.g. Bridges, Tunnels)
Partially
Yes
Historical data on construction and Use of roads
Partially
No
Elements related to the management of public transport services, energy, water and telecommunication (only urban roads)
No
No
Surface (paved, unpaved)
No
No
Type of maintenance (routine, periodic, urgent), Work type and Description
No
No
Financial Unit Cost
No
No


According to the table 1 it is understandable that the construction data are more than adequate to the purpose of road cadaster. Addition to the above a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) could be created where the height of various positions could be obtained.

4. Result and Discussion



                                                           Figure 5: GIS plan overview

Figure 3 represents the overall GIS plan developed by the construction data. Which represent all point, line and polygon feature for the relevant geometry with its respective attributes and a raster layer of DEM.

Details included in the layers will provide many information directly or indirectly through a query such as
ü  Platform width and carriage way
ü  Vertical gradient
ü  Pavement and shoulder slopes
ü  Horizontal alignment and etc.
This GIS plan has been developed in a sample area mentioned earlier. Same method could be followed in developing many more GIS plan with various road network.
In recent past almost all the road network had been newly constructed or modified which means all the construction data available con be developed in above manner to create a GIS Plan. For better understanding of the output validation process should be followed for each separate road network.
This GIS plan can be identified as a standalone cadaster system.
   

5. Conclusion


Road construction data are suitable for development of a road cadaster system due to its accuracy and level of details. The benefits will be minimum when considering a standalone road cadaster system only for a one network. To identify this system as a proper Road cadaster system physical model for the Road Cadastre should consist of a network-based, multi-user, client-server system, based around a relational database and a GIS, which allows the representation of the map of the area and the graph of the road network where optimum use of the road cadaster can be obtained as discussed above.
A systematic process should be defined to obtain all the available construction data from different local bodies such as RDA, PRDA etc. and private sector construction companies where the road constructions data are available.


   M.F.M. Mafaz
Engineering & Land Surveyor

     






































Case Study On Implementing Public Road Cadastre System in Sri Lanka

Abstract Accurate cadastral maps define legal repositories of land ownership, value and location by registering and representi...